Key Definitions And Concepts Of Physical Development

Running head: FIRST STEP IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT 1 First Step in Child Development Key Terms and Concepts Assignment Gabriella Finkel Professor Liza Keating / Fall 2014 September 8, 2014 Key Terms and Concepts Physical Development 1. Gross motor skills, according to researchers Shelley Mitchell and Wendy Roberts (2005), refer to the development of basic motor skills, such as standing and walking, in healthy children, and these skills are refined with age. In children with developmental maladies, including those with Autism, gross motor skills are compromised in that proper coordination and the natural progression of such skills are often thwarted. 2. Fine motor control involves â€Å"rapid developmental changes† which allow infants to be self-sustaining through refinement in hand control and â€Å"oral motor skills† (Black Hurley, 2013). Within this context, as infants develop fine motor skills, they will attain the abilities to properly hold eating utensils, thereby feeding themselves, and thus acquire a more varied diet, transitioning from a diet of milk and / or formula to solid foods. 3. Spatial Relations, or â€Å"visual spatial attention,†¦is achieved through the component disengage, shift and engage operations of the posterior visual attention system† (Bryson, 2010). Spatial relations is a key aspect of child development because as the brain matures with age, infants’ attention span is no longerShow MoreRelatedEssay On Katherine Kolcabas Theory Of Comfort1191 Words   |  5 Pagesearly 1900s stressed on the role of a caregiver in making sure that a patient is provided with physical and emotional comfort in addition to proper adjustment to physical environment. A modern inquiry of comfort commenced in the 1980s with the key objective of establishing the meanings of comfort. It was conceptualized that the term â€Å"comfort† is multidimensional, in that, it relates to the spiritual, physical and emotional comfort. Through environmental interventions, nurses are able to make their patientsRead MoreMarketing Concepts1469 Words   |  6 PagesMARKETING CONCEPTS Following are the six concepts of marketing †¢ Production concept †¢ Product concept †¢ Selling concept †¢ Marketing concept †¢ Societal marketing concept †¢ Holistic marketing concept THE PRODUCTION CONCEPT: DEFINITION BY KOTLER: â€Å"It is the idea that customers will favor products that are available and highly affordable and that the organization should therefore focus on improving production and distribution efficiency.† EXPLANATION: This concept is theRead MoreProduct Concept Definition1686 Words   |  7 PagesThe Product Concept PhaseAs discussed in Chapter 2, new ideas for new products and services are generated in many different ways in and outside the modern company in the market. Today a more open and collaborative process of accessing innovative ideas and problem solutions is available to companies on the Web in the form of wiki platforms. A wiki is a collaborative Website that can be directly edited by anyone with access to it. This virtual market for new product ideas that is generated by a wikiRead MoreHuman Computer Interaction And Analytics Technologies Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of the Degree Master of Science By Manju Yadav Akkaraboina Fall - 2016 Abstract This paper explains the development in the human computer interaction by using the analytics technologies. The analytics technologies act as a decision support system for the further development in the human computer interaction. These analytical systems help us to identify the potential uses and help us to correct if any flaws are present in the existing onesRead MoreOriginal Writing : Sister Callista Roy1315 Words   |  6 Pagesdoctorate degree in sociology from the University of California. Roy was confronted with a challenge to establish a nursing conceptual model, which she accepted. Roy had noticed, throughout her nursing, that children were able to adapt to key psychological and physical changes. Roy decided to use adaptation as the basis for a nursing conceptual model. Roy’s outline of the adaptation model was accepted by Mount Saint Mary’s College in 1968, this is when Roy began creating the model of adaptation. TheRead MoreTheory of Successful Aging1648 Words   |  7 Pagescare of aging. Flood’s(2002) unique definition of successful aging among other explanations includes mental, physical, and spiritual elements of the aging person and emphasizing the individuals self appraisal. She used existing knowledge derived deductively from the Roy adaptation model, one of the most widely accepted nursing theory model, and integrated these ideas with Tornstams sociological theory of gerotranscendence and literature related to the concept of successful aging to comprise theRead MoreMy Views On America Moving Toward A Sustainable Society1740 Words   |  7 Pagesinterchange information around the world and help each other solve challenges we might face regarding goals to achieve a sustainable society. 2. Select 5 of the Physical elements of healthy towns, villages, and neighborhoods and briefly discuss how a community designed considering these aspects is more sustainable than one that does not. Five physical elements of healthy towns, villages and neighborhoods are as followed. A variety of functional uses other wise known as attributes mixed-uses as well as,Read MoreEssay on My Personal Philosophy of Education1490 Words   |  6 Pagesproperly describe my philosophy, I realized I needed a working definition of the concept of philosophy. My search for this working definition of the term philosophy led to further research which provided further insight into viewpoints of various well-known philosophers; some of whom we discussed in class. Therefore, the purpose of my research became twofold, the first purpose was to obtain a working definition of the concept of philosophy. The second purpose was to become more familiarRead MoreAgricultural Extension Practices For A Farming Community1358 Words   |  6 Pagessuit extension development in all circumstances. The purpose of this chapter is to consider farming from the perspective of the farmer and how such consideration might benefit extension approaches and outcomes. The farming environment is complex and personal, each farmer’s production and lifestyle situation unique to them and reflective of the various social, cultural and environmental values they hold important. To understand such perspectives this chapter will explore the concept of farmers’ livelihoodRead MoreNursing Is A Calling, A Lifestyle, And A Passion. Becoming1713 Words   |  7 Pagesnurse’s idea of what they theorize as true of the nursing profession and guides them in their daily practices. In relation to patient care the focus is on holistic patient-centered care; this style of nursing is not only concerned with the patient’s physical well-being but their emotional, spiritual, and mental well-being. Nursing requires us to recall that we are human and to recognize so is everyone else. Wit hout exception, every person is affected by their environment, their health, and their relationships

For Whom the Bell Tolls Critical Analysis - 1544 Words

***Some of the sentences do not make sense, and it seems like a word or two are missing. This essay puts the ROUGH in rough draft... For Whom the Bell Tolls Critical Analysis In 1937, Ernest Hemingway traveled to Spain. This experience inspired him to write For Whom the Bell Tolls. For Whom the Bell Tolls is a novel about the Spanish Civil War during May 1937 at Segovia. During this time, an American citizen volunteers to help the Spanish Republicans against the fascists because for his love of Spain and its people. However, if Robert Jordan truly loved the Spanish people, he would have alongside the fascists and against the republicans. Although Robert Jordan is generally known as the ‘’hero’’ of For Whom the Bell Tolls, the fascists†¦show more content†¦Take care not to vomit.’ ‘Listen to me, Don Faustino. There are beautiful girls over the cliff.’ ‘We were able to kill them without injuring the horses.’ ‘To steal, yes. To eat well, yes. To murder, yes.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ As Critic Ramon Buckley says for this scene: â€Å"†¦is Pilar’s painfully graphic account of on e such uprising. More than any other chapter in the novel, it has stirred reader’s imaginations with its gruesome realism, sparring no detail in recounting the massacre of fascist landlords by Andalusian peasants.† The quotes states and simply proves the brutality and cruelty to the fascists by the landlords. In these three scenes, the â€Å"heroes† level of morality is very distinct and low. Pablo, Pilar and the men they were working with kill them and in a way enjoyed it. He, Pablo the leader in this situation, had them thrown off a cliff and into the river to dispose of their bodies, with the feeling that they didn’t deserve a proper burial due to their political affiliation. And as a catholic, one should strive to receive as many sacraments as they can before their death. And this in Pablo’s knowledge, he tells the peasants and that are assisting him to give the men the necessary sacraments before they die. One might think that he’s taking them into consideration, making sure when they die they are to go to heaven, but all of the characters, including Pablo have stated that theyShow MoreRelatedThroughout his career, Ernest Hemmingway’s writing style has brought many questions from critics1500 Words   |  6 PagesThis made it easier for people to comprehend and it made connections to his ideas straightforward. In works such as Old Man and the Sea and For whom the Bell Tolls, Ernest Hemmingway uses his style of writing to convey his purpose and ideas of literary elements, such as plot, mood, character, symbolism, and theme, which can be analyzed with New Critical Theory and Iceberg Theory. Before beginning his writing career, Hemingway spent his early days as a journalist at The Kansas City Star. As a cubRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel For Whom The Bell Tolls 1782 Words   |  8 PagesThe novel For Whom the Bell Tolls was written in 1940 by Ernest Hemingway about a man’s travels in a corrupt 20th century society. Hemingway was influenced to write the story, as he endured similar obstacles as the protagonist, Robert Jordan. Hemingway’s novel can be classified as a war time story. For Whom the Bell Tolls is filled with much historical fiction, as one could find endless similarities to the true Spanish Civil War. Though it is intended to clone the past, the disputes in Spain seenRead MoreControversial Aspects of Decommissioning the Edwards Dam4470 Words   |  18 Pagesand recreational facilities. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (herein referred to as FERC or the Commission) assembled an Environmental Impact Statement(EIS) with the help of severa l state and federal agencies that consisted of an in-depth analysis of the options available. The statement covered everything from granting a new license containing necessary environmental measures to the denial of a license and ordering of the dam’s destruction. The EIS concluded that only the removal of theRead MorePoems with Theme with Life and Death and Their Analysis8446 Words   |  34 PagesEI WAI KHAING AN ANALYSIS OF THEMES ON LIFE AND DEATH OF SOME POEMS Abstract: Some basic elements of poem and types of poem are included in this paper. Although there are countless number of poems on Life and Death, only the ones which seem noteworthy are studied and analysed in terms of themes. Different opinions of different poets on life and death found in their poems are also presented and contrasted in this paper. This paperRead MoreUsing Systems Theory And The Human Social System2276 Words   |  10 PagesBorick 2011). When he composed that: â€Å"no man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main, any man’s death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind; and therefore, never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee† (Shafritz and Borick 2011). That is the reason, the accompanying story from antiquated China will help clarify your place in the heap of systems in which we all live (Shafritz and Borick 2011). Sun Tzu’s System for Training ChineseRead MoreA Case Analysis Of Ernest Hemingway s Bipolar Disorder2321 Words   |  10 PagesThe following paper is a case analysis of Ernest Hemingway’s bipolar disorder. The goal of the paper is to conceptualize bipolar disorder using a psychodynamic model. The case study uses the concepts of abnormal psychology to trace the etiology of a mood disorder beyond just the vestiges of uncommon behavior. The paper argues that he suffered from a mood disorder. The etiology of his mood disorder is the unresolved issues he had with his father’s suicide. Excessive use of alcohol exacerbated hisRead MoreJewish Cultural Immersion : Through My Eyes3058 Words   |  13 Pagespopulation and how they differ from myself in a variety of ways. Additionally, I will provide a reflection of my immersion into the Jewish culture via my observations and highlight what I have learned from my interactions. Additionally, I will include an analysis of ho w my perceptions of Jewish individuals has changed and address cultural considerations when counseling those from the Jewish population. Identification and Description I selected Jewish Americans for my immersion project because other thanRead Moredreams of vision9899 Words   |  40 PagesA Thesis ANALYSIS ON TRAGIC CHARACTER IN THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE By ANDRI HERMANSYAH 102026024515 ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY JAKARTA 2009 APPROVEMENT ANALYSIS ON TRAGIC CHARACTER IN THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Adab and Humanities In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Strata (S 1) By ANDRI HERMANSYAH 102026024515 Advisory: INAYATULRead MoreWhy Satisfied Customer Defect9193 Words   |  37 Pagessuch markets, it is the companies, rather than their customers, who ultimately have no choice. They must strive to provide their prized customers—those they can serve most profitably—with outstanding value. The message is clear: It is absolutely critical for a company to excel in both defining its target customers and delivering a product or service that completely meets their needs. ! Very poor service or products are not the page 3 W hy Satisfied Customers Defect only cause—and may not evenRead MorePlanned Approach to Change11990 Words   |  48 Pagesdemocracy as a major task, and avoided simplistic and structural recipes, can be gleaned from the following extracts from his article on ‘The special case of Germany’ (Lewin, 1943b): Nazi culture . . . is deeply rooted, particularly in the youth on whom the . . . future depends. It is a culture which is centred around power as the supreme value and which denounces justice and equality . . . (p. 43) To be stable, a cultural change has to penetrate all aspects of a nation’s life. The change must

Marijuana Should Be Legal for Anyone over 21 Free Essays

Marijuana should be legalized for recreational purposes to anyone over 21 years of age. Marijuana has been proven to be safer than alcohol, yet marijuana is against the law. Alcohol is known to contribute to acts of violence and crime, while in most cases cannabis can reduce aggression in its users. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Should Be Legal for Anyone over 21 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"In last year’s cases of reported violent crime three million offenders had been drinking. Almost all cases of date rape, sexual assault, and domestic violence had some kind of connection to alcohol† (Medical Fact: Marijuana is Safer Than Alcohol, 2009). Marijuana has not been linked or has been left absent from any of those type of crime reports. Alcohol-related traffic accidents have gone down in the past 20 to 30 years; however, they still kill approximately 14,000 lives every year according to MADD. The numbers for THC-related traffic deaths are very rare because most of the deaths in these cases the driver was also under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. However, â€Å"there is evidence from a number of studies, including some laboratory simulations that give power to the idea that people under the influence of cannabis seem to be aware of their impaired motor skills, and two tend to drive below the posted speed limit. People under the influence of alcohol are more likely to unaware or defiant about their impaired state and most tend to speed or drive recklessly† (RN, How Many People Actually Die from Marijuana and Alcohol, 2010). Some of the main concerns about legalizing marijuana are if marijuana causes any type of cancer or long time health effects. â€Å"Alcohol abuse as we know can contribute too many different long-term negative health problems, mainly cirrhosis of the liver and other types of cancers. There are some doctors that state that a small quantity of alcohol, taken daily, is good for salutary health effects, alcohol is still one of the worst drugs that someone could take for pain management† (Kaufman, 2008). Marijuana has not been linked to cause any type of cancer but instead is used to treat some side effects of cancer and cancer treatment. Studies have been done to see if marijuana has any link to causing cancer. Donald Tashkin from the University of California Los Angeles is a pulmonologist that has studied marijuana and its effects for over 30 years. He stated that â€Å"New findings were against our expectation. A study was done were we hypothesized that there would be an association between marijuana and lung cancer, and with heavier use of the drug that the link would be even more positive. Instead we found that there was no association at all, we even found that THC might have some protective effects against cancer† (Tashkin, 2009). Many states have already made marijuana legal for medical use because of all its positive effects on the user. Some government officials are trying to keep marijuana illegal because they say it is a gateway drug, and will lead children to harder drugs such as methamphetamine and cocaine. However the RAND study performed by the U. S. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (which measures patterns and frequency of self-reported drug use among Americans) found that â€Å"Marijuana experimentation by adolescents does not lead to the use of harder drug’s, and that teenagers who tried hard drugs were predisposed to do so whether or not they tried marijuana. Almost anything can be called a gateway drug in today’s time. Most people can remember a popular candy know as Candy Cigarettes. â€Å"Candy Cigarettes that are exactly the way you remember them as a kid. Each pack has 10 white candy sticks with a red tip, ready to be rolled up in your T-shirt sleeve† (Oldtime Candy Company, 2010). I asked my parents about my use of Candy Cigarettes. â€Å"When you were 8 or 9 you always wanted to act cool like the older guys on our street. You would always ask for those things, and you and your best friend would stand outside playing with them. If I would have known that it would have led to you really smoking I would have never bought them† (Anderson, 2011). The statement â€Å"marijuana is a lot safer than alcohol† cannot go unchallenged and should be debated. One important subject is the risk that marijuana use (especially in young adults) can lead to some kinds of mental illness. â€Å"Studies support findings that risk of schizophrenia doubles in young abusers† (U. S. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2009). According to Joseph Califano Jr. CASA founder and chairman of Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) â€Å"If we were to make marijuana legal and taxed it, for approximately every dollar of tax revenue, there could be as much as seven dollars incurred in medical costs†. Legalizing marijuana would mean that it would be easier for the drug to get in the hands of kids. According to CASA findings â€Å"Despite reported declines in teen marijuana use in 2007, almost eleven million teens report using marijuana. Marijuana is a major substance that is being abused among teens in America. More than five times the increase in such findings for all other substance abuse. † With marijuana becoming so popular again with teens most people believe that we should keep the drug illegal. Marijuana should be legalized for recreational purposes to anyone over 21 years of age. Studies have shown that it is safer than alcohol, and is being use by a wide spread of society. Money from taxation of marijuana can be used to benefit schools, decrease the deficit, and lower prison rates and populations for minor offenders and misdemeanors. Marijuana has not been shown to cause cancer, but instead help with some of the side effects. As well as reduce aggression in its users. No Drug is good and all of them need to be regulated in some type of way. However, marijuana use is not going stop. We as a society need to control it and gain from it. Legalizing marijuana and putting laws, similar to the ones for alcohol, in effect would increase the use of marijuana amongst our society, but it would also bring in money that is in great need for our schools. How to cite Marijuana Should Be Legal for Anyone over 21, Essay examples

Prosocial Motivation to Team Processes †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Prosocial Motivation to Team Processes. Answer: Introduction: In the case study, it is been pointed out that the team at Fire art is not able to collaborate and develop positive synergies amongst the team mates. A new director of strategy has been appointed just now and he has a sole task of building and managing the team. Teamwork being essential to an organisations success, the onus is on Eric for the same. In the process, there are certain difficulties as some of the mangers at fire art are not able to contribute much to the team as their views and opinions are suppressed by director of sales and marketing, who in himself is a magnanimous personality with bundles of energy exuberating out of his personality. The problem with him is, difference in ideology in comparison to other team members, due to which tension prevails during team meetings. In the report it will be discuss as to what are the problems faced by the organisation due to lack of team work, what are the challenges hurdling the process , and using some organisational theories , how the problems can be turned over. Importance of work groups: It empowers team members with good accountability towards their job, a sense of ownership, higher decision making power, and thus boosts the morale of an employee(Lynn, Plat Reilly, 2016) Helps organisations to capitalize on the knowledge and the motivation of the team members (Goetsch Davis, 2014) Helps the organisation in loosing of its bureaucracy and promotes greater flexibility and responsiveness. Serves as a pool of multiple free lowing ideas, which further leads to better strategic decision making (Hu Liden, 2015) The company in the case study is Fire art, a family owned business, successfully running for last 80 years and serving the Midwestern clients, and has positioned itself in the mind-set of consumer as high quality and high pricing company. With the advent of globalization and changes in the technologies, cheaper machinery and many players, the sales of the companies are falling rapidly. Hence, the burden is on the managers to come up with the strategies to buckle up and increase the sales, the same can be achieved only with contribution of everyone and all of them coming together as a team. Major challenge at hand is, the director of sales and marketing, Mar. Randys attitude towards the fellow team mates and other divisional managers, it comes as the biggest hurdle in the creation of positive synergies towards a common goal. Mr Randy believes that, groups in companies are absolutely useless and consensus is a mediocre concept. He also has another belief, in which he believes strongly that, in a company its only efforts of meticulous people who comes up with a brilliant plan and strategy, and rest everyone just follow the leader, disbeliever of team work and team efforts. Solution to the problem at hand: Team building activities helps the team members get out of their zones and break the cultural barriers, which could possibly cause friction among the team members. The team building activity will help them open up to each other and create an atmosphere of friendliness despite the individual positions (Levi, 2015) Personnel counselling of Mr Randy with the HR head or a person of higher experience than him, and make him understand the importance of team work and the possible benefits for the organisation. Also, it is important to make him understand; team work will not make him loose his individuality, but, would increase his respect in the eyes of his team mates (Brand, 2014) Inculcate a habit of posting anonymous feedback after every team meeting or in general business operations, this will help the management in analysing problems with certain employees, which then could be tackled with the help of counselling (Tucker Abbasi, 2015) It is must and should that division of work should be clear, no one can interfere in the work of other person, until and unless required. This division of work would keep all the employees in the limits of their task and prevent any poking from other team members(Chimel, Fraccaroli Sverke, 2017) Another important aspect of successful team meeting is presence of a strong influential meeting coordinator. His role is to ensure everyone participates and contributes towards the objectives of meeting .He should ensure the decorum and timelines of the meeting and also make it really fruitful, with clear identified goals to focus in meetings, the participation would increase. The meeting coordinator should also take care of any miscreant, whose only purpose is to waste the time of other team members by disrupting the meeting, such person should be dealt with authority and harshness even after repeated warning (Li Lam, 2013) Tuchman teamwork theory should be put to use in the organisation. The theory has 4 components attached to it, starting from forming, storming, norming which ultimately leads to performing. This framework, if adopted would drastically improve the team meeting at fire art and lead to developing of positive synergies.(Betts Healey, 2015) Conclusion: Fire Art Company is in the business of making wine goblets, beer steins, ashtrays and other glass novelty since last 80 years. Its a family owned business which has earned its reputation in the market because of its high quality. It is considered to be one of the best in the market. The company in the recent times is not able to live up to its potential and the sales are going down. The management wants to rework on the strategy and it requires cooperation from every individual members. Some miscreant is not allowing this to happen. Certain techniques can work in the favour of company which would help them in conducting successful team meetings, some of the strategies as discussed are counselling, team building activities, feedback sessions, division of work. Trumans revolutionary theory on team work is of great advantage for any company who wants to have constructive team meetings, using all the above would help Eric in getting desired outcome from the team meetings. References: Lynn, G.S. Polat, V. and Reilly, R.R 2016, Team Trust and Team Learning in New Product Development Projects. InLets Get Engaged! Crossing the Threshold of Marketings Engagement Era(pp. 639-640), Springer, Cham. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Hu, J. and Liden, R.C., 2015. Making a difference in the teamwork: Linking team prosocial motivation to team processes and effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal,58(4), pp.1102-1127. Levi, D., 2015.Group dynamics for teams. Sage Publications Brand, T., 2014. Basic counselling skills.SAMJ: South African Medical Journal,104(7), pp.510-511. Tucker, R. and Abbasi, N., 2015. The architecture of teamwork: examining relationships between teaching, assessment, student learning and satisfaction with creative design outcomes.Architectural Engineering and Design Management,11(6), pp.405-422. Chmiel, N., Fraccaroli, F. and Sverke, M. eds., 2017.An Introduction to Work and Organizational Psychology: An International Perspective. John Wiley Sons. Betts, S. and Healy, W., 2015. Having a Ball Catching on to Teamwork: An Experiential Learning Approach to Teaching the Phases of Group Development.Academy of Educational Leadership Journal,19(2), p.1.. Li, M.P. and Lam, B.H., 2013. Cooperative learning.The Active Classroom, The Hong Kong Institude of Education.

Consumer Interest in Space Tourism

Introduction and Background Tourism is a very rewarding economic activity in the present world, as it is among the largest income generators in many states and countries. For many years, countries have underscored the importance of tourism and its contribution to their economies. However, the act of underscoring the importance of tourism has gradually changed for a number of states have seen the benefits that accrue from organized management of tourism.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Consumer Interest in Space Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unfortunately, several countries focus on common and traditional forms of tourism, such as beach tourism and expeditions to national parks and reserves. Stakeholders in the field of tourism, including the host government, communities, private investors, and the tourists accord little attention to alternative forms of tourism. Alternative forms of tourism include le isure, sport, adventure, ecotourism, and space tourism. Therefore, it is against this background that the research assesses the viability of space tourism as proposed by Sir Richard Branson in terms of market size, number of potential consumers, their perceptions, willingness, and expectations regarding the space tourism. Marketing Research Problem Tourism stakeholders like the government, private investors, service providers, non-governmental organizations, tourists, and the host communities have overlooked the benefits of diversifying tourism for a long time. Instead, these stakeholders emphasize on the development and consumption of common and prominent tourism products such as the expedition to national parks and reserves, as well as beach tourism, which incorporates sightseeing of elements like sand, sun, nature, and sea. The development and extensive marketing of these common forms of tourism has resulted in the degradation of these destinations. The degradation of these desti nations is due to the large number of tourists visiting the attractions. These tourists usually exceed the carrying capacity that the subject tourist destination can comfortably support. Additionally, the large numbers of tourists increase the susceptibility of the destination to degradation owing to the trampling of vegetation, fire outbreaks, pollution, and other negative effects associated with tourism. Extensive marketing of tourism attractions such as national parks, lakes, oceans, and seas, has led to pronounced degradation in the destination. Many tourists throng the tourist sites in these regions and in turn initiate several negative effects that only serve to degrade the destination and reduce the overall worth and value of the subject attraction.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, it has led to increased negative effects like pollution, which comprise s environmental, soil, water, and air pollution. Environmental pollution occurs when tourists in a given destination dump solid wastes in the attraction site, especially outside designated waste bins. Soil pollution takes place when waste from service providers like hotels and travel agencies seep into the ground. On the other hand, when tourism establishments release their wastes into water bodies like rivers and seas, it causes water pollution. Smoke from vehicles and emissions from tourist establishments leads to air pollution. Fire outbreaks, trampling, and destruction of vegetation are other negative effects, which transpire because of too much emphasis on common tourism attractions. Due to marketing and promotions on the common attractions, many tourists travel to these destinations and initiate negative impacts, which lead to depreciation of attractions. Mass tourists break vegetation, trample on grass and other small vegetations, and hence, destroy the vegetation found in su bject attraction. Furthermore, the large number of tourists increases the chances of carelessness that can sometimes result in dire consequences like fires in the tourist destination. The host community suffers from the effects initiated by the absence of alternative forms of tourism such as space tourism. The effects that the host community experience include child labor, increased cost of living, scarcity of resources due to high demand, and diversion of infrastructure to tourism facilities. Due to the absence of alternative forms of tourism, the pressure exerted on traditional tourism destinations led to short life cycles of the tourism products. Many of the destinations degrade and depreciate quickly and end up as desolate and derelict regions. The desolate nature of the destinations owed their states to the strain exerted on them by the tourists and tourism establishments. In addition, many tourism stakeholders fail to enjoy the revenues accruing from tourism due unsustainable use of tourism products and resources. Due to the absence of alternative forms of tourism levels in these areas declined since many tourists have already consumed tourism products from these destinations. Consequently, the absence of alternative forms of tourism limited the products of tourism only to those tourists who consume traditional and common tourism products leaving out potential tourists attracted to alternative and unique tourism products. The Research Aims and Objectives Examine the existence of potential tourists who can consume unique products of space tourism. Determine the market size of space tourism because it is a new product in the tourism market. Establish demographic characteristics of potential space tourists. Assess the expectations and interests of potential space tourists. Find out the perceptions and attitudes of individuals concerning space tourism. The Research Questions Do potential tourists of space tourism exist? What is the market size of space to urism as an alternative form of tourism? What are the demographic characteristics of potential space tourists? What are the expectations of potential space tourists? What are the perceptions and attitudes of individuals concerning space tourism? Discussion Alternative Forms of Tourism and Space Tourism Popular and common tourist destinations experience challenges such as degradation, pollution, fire outbreaks, trampling of vegetation, pressure on social resources, and short life cycles of destinations due to increased tours. The presence of these challenges necessitates the need to diversify tourism and introduce alternative forms of tourism (Casino Hanna 2000).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Consumer Interest in Space Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The challenges also compel stakeholders in the field of tourism to think of diverse forms of tourism so that they would not only cater for the needs of tourists attracted to alternative forms, but also reduce the strain exerted on traditional tourism destinations. In addition, diversification of tourism would help distribute demand and increase the spectrum of available tourism products. Leisure tourism, sport tourism, and space tourism were among the forms of alternative tourism, which private and public stakeholders have introduced in the field of tourism. Space tourism is the latest form of alternative tourism that involves travel to the space. It is a unique form of tourism since it goes beyond the odds of common tourism products usually consumed on earth. Russian Space Agency dominated space transport for a number of years, but other companies such as Virgin Galactic, owned by Sir Richard Branson are gradually entering the world of space tourism. According to Crouch (2001), space tourism is a form of tourism that comprises of tours to the space for a period that exceeds a day and does extend beyond one year. Furthermore, spac e tourism does not only increase the amount of tourism products available for potential tourists, but it also introduces a completely new chapter in the field of tourism. Market Size for Space Tourism Space tourism serves to cater for the needs of space tourists who are usually explorers, adventurers, drifters, business people, and leisure tourists. Products offered by space tourism are unique as they include sightseeing of features in the sky from a close range. In addition, space tourists get the rare opportunity of looking at the earth from the space and travelling around it. Other products that space tourism offers include sightseeing of features such as millions of galaxies, stars, the earth, and the solar system. According to (Brown 2004), astronomical observation and space walk also comprise other products offered by space tourism. Sightseeing, space walk, astronomical observation, and a journey to the moon are some of the products that best meet the requirements of space tou rists. Many elderly individuals and young explorers are some of the potential consumers of products offered by space tourism. The main factors that determine the willingness and ability to consume products offered by space tourism include the purchasing power, buying behaviour, price of products, and perceptions of product quality.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Collins et al. (1994), it is essential to understand that for tourism to progress, public and private stakeholders need to price tourism products within the purchasing power of potential consumers. Since consumer perceived product quality determines the willingness of consumers to use the products, it is important that service providers in space tourism design their facilities in a way that appeals to the potential tourists and increases their willingness to travel. Space tourism is a new form of tourism, and therefore, extensive marketing is required for increased awareness of space tourism products to potential consumers. Characteristics of Potential Space Tourists Space tourists are individuals who like exploration, adventure, leisure, and drifting. Therefore, the main set of consumers that space tourism marketers need to target include young individuals, wealthy businesspeople, and the elderly people who are adventurous. Many space tourists are individuals who like thrilling activities, as they like unconventional products of tourism because they are unique and exciting. Market segmentation is essential so that public and private facilities offering space products reach out to the right set of consumers. Hall (2013) states that the understanding of the type and characteristics of space consumers helps the service providers to understand the correct market segment, buying behaviours, purchasing power and patterns, as well as demographic attributes of potential tourists. With good understanding of space tourism, service providers will be in a better position to provide the best products to their potential consumers. Explorers, drifters, and adventurous tourists are usually the primary consumers of tourism products, they form the first set of consumers that visit an attraction, and they sometimes take part in the initial activities of destination development. Therefore, since space tourism is a new and unique form of tourism with a number of thri lling and exciting experiences, explorers, drifters, and adventurous tourists will form the first category of tourists to enjoy its products. It is fundamental for private and public stakeholders in the field of tourism to understand the spending habits of explorers and adventurous tourists so that they can price their products within the purchasing power of potential consumers (Crouch 2001). Since many activities involved in the design and production of space tours are relatively high, service providers offering space tourism products need to be cautious when pricing so that they meet their expected targets, and at the same time achieve consumer satisfaction. Expectations of Potential Space Tourists Consumers expect product quality to reflect the product price and value utility for their money. Similarly, space tourists expect the products that service providers deliver to posses the same qualities. Space tourists value their money, and thus, they compare the product quality with t he price. Casino and Hanna (2000) highlights that the presence of alternative forms of tourism such as sport and marine tourism makes consumers very selective and keen on aspects that concern product quality and delivery systems. Since alternative forms of tourism offer services, which can serve the needs of potential space tourists, they can easily persuade consumers of space products, and lure them into their facilities. Therefore, space firms need to be keen on the quality and price of their services as well as that of their competitors. Product quality should match the expectations of consumers so that service providers achieve the much needed consumer satisfaction. For successful space tourism, service providers in this field need to provide accurate and correct information to their target customers. Collins et al. (1994) argue that giving false information leads to distrust and lack of confidence among the customers. Thus, it is paramount that firms executing space tourism con vey information using facts and tangible evidence on the nature of the tour and the quality of their services. The information is essential to increase the level of awareness among the potential consumers, and furthermore, help in balancing pre-consumption, consumption, and post-consumption customer experiences. Notably, space tourists like other tourists perceive the quality of the products and services based on the information offered by service providers. Therefore, to match perceived product quality and gain consumer trust and loyalty, it is important to provide information that is factual in all aspects. Perceptions and Attitudes of Individuals Concerning Space Tourism Many individuals believe that space tourism belongs to the rich and wealthy members of the society, and thus they think that space tourism caters for the needs of the few individuals who have money. Some individuals think that space tourism is not safe, and therefore, they are unwilling to purchase products linke d to space tourism. The perceptions owe their presence to the expensive nature of tours and services associated with space tourism. Consequently, the perceptions that potential consumers hold have great effect on viability of space tourism, and hence, determine their interests and willingness to consume the products that space tourism offers. Attitudes and perceptions that consumers hold are important as they determine the need and nature of marketing and promoting strategies necessary to influence potential customers to buy products and services of space tourism (Troung Hall 2013). Furthermore, service providers of the space tourism need to tailor their products in a way that match purchasing power of potential customers. Conclusion Space tourism is a very productive form of tourism that helps in diversification tourism to meet increased demand and reduce the strain on common and traditional tourism destinations. Since space tourism is a new form of tourism, many consumers are rel uctant to purchase its products. Many potential clients think that space tourism is for the rich and associate it with insecurity. Some of the requirements that investors in the field of tourism can adopt to enhance viability of space tourism include identifying the existence of tourists, target large market, customize products, and provide unique products. Additionally, service providers in the field of space tourism need to understand the characteristics, expectations, and perceptions of potential space tourists. Assessment of these requirements is effective in determining the viability of space tourism. References Brown, F 2004, ‘The Final Frontier Tourism in Space’, Tourism Recreation Research, vol. 29 no. 1, pp. 37-43. Casino, V, Hanna, S 2000, ‘Representations and Identities in Tourism Map Space’, Progress in Human Geography, vol. 24 no. 1, pp. 23-46. Collins, P, Kanayama, H, Iwasaki, Y, Ohnuk, M, Hanayama, H 1994, ‘Commercial Implications of Market Research on Space Tourism’, Journal of Space Technology and Science: Special Issue on Space Tourism, vol. 10 no. 2, pp 3-11. Crouch, G 2001, ‘The Market for Space Tourism: Early Indications’, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 40 no. 2, pp. 213-219. Hall, M 2013, ‘Framing Behavioural approaches to Understanding and Governing Sustainable Tourism Consumption: Beyond Neoliberalism, Nudging and Green Growth’, Journal of sustainable Tourism, vol. 21 no. 7, pp. 1091-1109. Troung, D Hall, M 2013, ‘Social Marketing and Tourism: What is the Evidence?’, Social Marketing Quarterly, vol. 19 no. 2, pp. 110-135. This report on Consumer Interest in Space Tourism was written and submitted by user Kallie Riggs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Savior of the Internet Professor Ramos Blog

The Savior of the Internet A man feeling as if he is being chained down. Internet companies might start making people pay more just to use streaming services like Netflix and Hulu. Everyone in this modern day and age uses the internet in some way or form. It doesn’t matter if you use it to: see the weather, get updates on the news, solve a debate with a friend, school research, or more recreational uses. This wonderful technological tool has become a part of everyone’s daily lives. Because of this companies make you pay a good amount of money just to use the internet under their service. Some people have to budget just to be able to afford their own internet service, and the people that can’t afford it go to public libraries and other places like that. Net Neutrality preserves this way of life, giving regulation to the internet companies forcing them to not charge extra on content that they deem to be a luxury, allowing freedom of speech, and creating healthy competition among other newer companies. Net Neutrality was something that came out of no where. It wasn’t expected and no one thought of it being a necessary thing because the internet was â€Å"doing fine by itself.† â€Å"ISPs can compromise free speech protections in a variety of ways. The first is through traffic shaping, a practice that involves slowing down some forms of traffic, like file-sharing, while giving others priority. This is accomplished by limiting available bandwidth, which enables ISPs to favor certain categories of speech over others.† (Lamparello 18) A more physical example of this would be you paying a water company for good water pressure so that you can shower, but you could only shower in the middle of night at 3AM because any other times you tried to shower the water would come out in a drizzle because someone else, that is paying more money then you for their shower, gets first priority even though you pay for the service to be available 24/7. In some cases it was found that everyone’s speeds would be reduced to compensate for everyone using it at the same time resulting in no one getting usable internet as it would come to a grinding irritating holt. This is just one of the problems that comes with non-regulated internet companies. One of the biggest reasons that people believe that Net Neutrality is necessary is because it breaks our first amendment, freedom of speech. Companies, without Net Neutrality regulating them, are allowed to block and put up barriers to any site that they choose. â€Å"Many Internet practitioners in the United States are anticipating a wider digital divide among students whose families can afford ISP packaging for wider access online and those students whose cannot afford additional access pricing.† (Cook 1) This can also range from making people pay more money to be even be allowed to stream from Netflix (this doesn’t include the cost of the service itself) to completely blocking sites that the companies do not agree with for example certain religious sites, and there is nothing you can legally do about this. This is a complete violation of our rights that is being completely overlooked because of it being on the internet. Since the internet is more of a new thing compared to the lifespan of America, the laws have not caught up with this new technology. â€Å"Justice Scalia chastised his colleagues for their ‘indefensible’ refusal to grapple with the broader question of how the Fourth Amendment should apply to new technology. While recognizing that formulating a test ‘may sometimes be difficult,’ Scalia nonetheless contended that ‘when it is necessary to decide a case we have no choice.’ Predicting that the pluralitys fact-specific ruling amounted to a ‘heavy-handed hint’ to future courts, which would, in turn, invite more litigation, Scalia concluded that ‘[t]he times-they-are-a-changin is a feeble excuse for disregard of duty. (Kirtley 1) Net Neutrality was supposed to be the bridge that we needed to make the laws clear cut. Now that we are without it, it is very similar to having to deal with monopolies all over again. Companies can spend more money to have their pages or content displayed more often and more visibly. Doing this gives little room for more competition to rise allowing for the companies to charge whatever they want for their products and these spots no matter if the product is good or not. With all of this in mind I believe we should bring back Net Neutrality because it will be better for the general populous that uses the internet. Net Neutrality will leave internet service to be more affordable for everyone and not just feed into the people that are willing to shell out the most cash. Not only all of that but it will help protect our rights as US citizens, by not allowing companies to filter what we want to know about or what we stream in our free time. The best plan of action to start to fix these problems is to just raise awareness. When this bill first came out, even I fell into the hole of ignorance surrounding this subject. I asked all of my friends and everyone seemed to have conflicting answers on what being for or against Net Neutrality means. It wasn’t until I researched Net Neutrality was I able to finally see the confusion and pick the side that I believe to be correct. I also believe that the vast majority of people would agree with my choice in this debate. Nothing can stop all of us from making the best decision for ourselves if we all take the time to read on this very important and life changing topic. Don’t just take what I am saying as the â€Å"end all be all† voice on this subject, please read it for yourself. Cook, Vickie S. â€Å"Net Neutrality: What Is It and Why Should Educators Care?† Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin, vol. 80, no. 4, Summer 2014, pp. 46–49. This article talks about how without Net Neutrality educators have a harder time educating students because they would have to pay money out of pocket for supplemental educational videos and internet access in general. I am going to use this article to show that without Net Neutrality it is highly possible that we are putting unnecessary fanatical burdens on our educators and taking away resources that were previously accessible to help teach. This article was written by an educator that holds a PHD and specializes in online learning, research, and service. Gà ³mez-Barroso, Josà © Luis, and Claudio Feijà ³o. â€Å"Viewpoint: Asymmetries and Shortages of the Network Neutrality Principle.† Communications of the ACM, vol. 54, no. 4, Apr. 2011, pp. 36–37. This article talks about how even with Net Neutrality implemented there will still inadvertently be unfair situations for the CPs that will just cause more issues for everyone overall because of the way search engines are set up and how the placement of business will effect their load speeds. This all in turn giving grounds for it to not be a fair system for the CPs. I am going to use this article as counter argument to help solve the issues brought up on the other side properly. The writer is an associate professor in the Department of Applied Economics and Economic History. Hong, Guo, et al. â€Å"Effects of Competition among Internet Service Providers and Content Providers on the Net Neutrality Debate.† MIS Quarterly, vol. 41, no. 2, June 2017, pp. 353-A29. This article talks about how Net Neutrality effects the competition between Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and Content Providers (CPs) and brings up a multitude of propositions to create a fair solution between the ISPs and the CPs. I will be using this to show that without Net Neutrality ISPs can force CPs to pick between paying extra money and being heavily monitored by the ISP or never getting any foot traffic, having extremely slow load speeds for their content, and the possibility of being blocked out all together by the ISP. This article was written by: multiple professors of Business to explain the logical possibilities of the companies, multiple professors of Mathematics to come up with formulas to back up the logical reasoning behind the speculations being made, and to help make formulas for the solutions being proposed, multiple professors of computers and information management. All of the professors having prestigious awards and/or having previous works published and a couple of them have PHDs in their respective fields. Kirtley, Jane E. â€Å"Virtual Freedom: Net Neutrality and Free Speech in the Internet Age.† Jurimetrics: The Journal of Law, Science Technology, vol. 50, no. 4, Summer 2010, pp. 539–544. This source talks about how the Supreme Court is not ruling on how privet information should be handled over the internet or technological devises in general for fear of the ruling not being favorable later in unforeseen events in growth of technology. The source then talks about how this is giving companies the ability to ignore their obligations to give open information on the internet and the ability to block sites that the companies don’t like. I am going to be using this to show how without Net Neutrality companies are able to hold a lot of power by controlling our flow of information and exploiting it. This source is very reliable being a scholarly article being written by 2 professors of Media Ethics and Laws and that has been peer reviewed by a different professor of Media Ethics and Laws. This article also gives multiple sited reliable sources. Lamparello, Adam. â€Å"The Internet Is the New Marketplace of Ideas: Why Riley V. California Supports Net Neutrality.† Journal of Art, Technology Intellectual Property Law, vol. 25, no. 2, Spring 2015, pp. 267–291. This article touches on how without Net Neutrality the 1st Amendment may be violated through the censorship of companies on the internet. By drawing parallels to what a town square would be to the internet, they say that free speech should be a right in both situations. I am going to use this article to show that by drawing parallels to a past court case the next logical step would be to equate net neutrality to the protection of our first amendment rights. The article was written by a professor of law at Indiana tech law school.

Copyright, intellectual property and innovation Essay

Copyright, intellectual property and innovation - Essay Example It can be difficult for a developer to prove a new piece of software is theirs, especially when an unscrupulous competitor starts claiming they made it, and claiming huge amounts of money from the developer. Property rights are a complete nightmare for the small company or ordinary person who simply wants to develop software for its own sake and wishing to make a small profit while doing so. Copyright is one area of protection that should be straightforward, but it is not. Patenting software seems a good idea, but this can be difficult, time consuming and expensive. Intellectual property rights means’ software has to be proven to be unique, which is not always possible at the start of a project where such thinking may not even occur. For as the project begins, from the moment the first code is written and an idea aired, there is the danger of theft. For the public who want to use the software, there are problems not of their making in all the property rights, such as serious t ime delays in getting something up to date and useful for them. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) have only been in existence since 1967, and software has only been recognised as needing protection since the late 1970’s, before that it was not considered very important and was usually supplied by the company who built the hardware as a complete entity. Once it was realised that software could be a separate product with its own market value, and then it started to become important to protect it. Later the type of thing that could be protected was argued over by software companies unclear as to what was in the common domain and what was completely theirs. A few years ago there was a massive argument between Apple computers and Microsoft over the use of the Trash Can in their respective operating systems. Apple claiming their right to it as their invention and Microsoft saying it was something in the public domain, needed by any operating system. The argument went

Federalist Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Federalist Papers - Essay Example For Madison, the faction in a government creates a problem because a certain select individuals who are minorities are inimical to the greater good. Individuals being men, are predisposed to advance interests favorable to him and this creates a problem in public service. Moreover, when faction rules the government, the people belonging to such faction will only advance their own self interests rather than public good. Being such, government agencies will just become a vehicle of private greed instead of an instrument that will serve greater good. Madison pointed out that a government dominated by a faction is no longer a democracy because it only serves the narrow interest of few people. In sum, factions create problem in government because self-interest will rule instead of advancing public interest and public service. The strength of the Federalist Paper No.10 lies in its proposal on how to address the faction in government and how to at least minimize its adverse effects. In the Federalist Paper No.10, the idea of a republic is proposed as a solution to the problem posed by a faction. This proposed republic is different from the pure and populist democracy because it is capable of protecting minorities and promotes greater good than pure democracy which could become a vehicle that will be used by factions. According to the Federalist Paper No.10, the weakness of a republican government can be reduced through the mechanism of representation. This kind of mechanism allows a greater probability for capable leaders to be elected than just those who are popular but only represents the interest of a faction. Having capable leaders to be elected in office is favorable to people because they would tend to craft policies that serves the greater good and will tend to advance the interest of the many instead of the few such as those interest inherent in a faction. Also,

Landscape and map Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Landscape and map - Essay Example It does not display all the details of objects on the ground, it only shows and outlines of such objects. They both give information of a particular area (Meinig 33-48). A landscape and map are similar in that they display a representation, or rather they are both presented on a piece of paper or board, they are both visual representation (Berger 7-11). They are used to summarize information for easy and quick reference. Moreover, maps and the landscapes might be used by planners to plan specific areas properly. Maps and landscapes are different in that the maps are used and made for different purposes unlike the landscape which their purpose is to represent visible features of an area or land (Kaplan & White 69). A map generally displays only those geographies required for a specific location. Additionally, maps show much information unlike the landscape that shows only the details of the restricted area. Travellers use maps to find their way whereas a landscape gives the travellers the overview on an area. Maps can calculate the distance from one place to another while as the landscapes only shows the general view. Maps are used to locate places on the earth surface. Maps also can be used to compare the sizes and the shapes of different lands and water masses. The maps provide detailed information about an area while as a landscape just hints on the background (Tyner 6). However, a landscape helps improve the aesthetic appearance of the field by planting shrubs or trees, changing the land s contours or adding ornamental features. A landscape process can be defined as a process that occurs in a spatial domain (p. 69). The landscape process is primarily propagated across the land surface. It not only serves to structure but also, it is influenced by the spatial structure of the ecosystems; and whose impact on the spatial pattern is dependent to a degree upon the landscape structure is either greater or lesser (Kaplan & White

Why women suffer disadvantage in the employment relationship

Why women suffer disadvantage in the employment relationship The essay will concentrate on the phenomenon of an occupational gender segregation that women continue to suffer in the labour market in Britain. Firstly this essay will look at some statistics surrounding women in the employment. Secondly, the paper will consider theories that try to explain the occupational segregation by sex. The essay will examined the neo-classical economic theories of human capital and rational choice. Moreover, the paper will evaluate if these theories stands up as an argument to reason the occupational gender segregation. Then the concept of patriarchy which is at the centre of feminist theory will be presented and appraised in connection with understanding the cause of occupational sex segregation. The last theory to be assessed in relation to disadvantage experienced by women in the labour market will be the idea of preference theory based on Catherine Hakims study. Despite over forty years since first Equal Opportunities legislation has been introduced, labour market in the United Kingdom is marked by the sexual segregation in occupations that women so often experience. Labour Market Statistics( 2010) highlights that 42.8% of female employees work in part-time jobs to compare with 11.9% of their male counterparts and 74.4% of all employees in part-time jobs are women; thus part-time jobs tend to be seen as womens work. This generates financial consequences for women. Recent survey by Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (2009, p.5) illustrates that the full time gender pay gap is at 16.4% and the part time gender pay gap is at 13.2%. The Equal Opportunities Commission (2006) estimated that the gender pay gap would lose a woman working on full-time basis a cumulative amount of  £330,000, or  £210,000 after taxes over her life. Labour Force Survey (2006, p.5) also points out that women predominantly work in service occupations whereby men most ly work in management occupations and in professions that require high level of knowledge and skills. The neo-classical economic theories of human capital and rational choice represent a prominent proposition that attempts to clarify the reasons behind occupational sex segmentation. (Blackburn et al., 2002, p.515) The rational theory suggests that employees and employers behave sensibly in the labour market. Thus, people decide to invest in their qualifications and gain work experience in order to obtain the highest level of income possible after assessing the level and quality of their human capital and existing constrains to enter particular occupation (Anker, 1997, p.317). Furthermore, employers look for the highest return possible by increasing productivity and reducing costs. However, the rationality of employers actions may cause unequal treatment of women in employment sphere (Kirton and Greene, 2005, p.55). According to human capital theory, women entering labour market offer lower level of knowledge and skills, and less suitable qualifications that employers are looking for compare to men partly due to inequality women experience within education system (Haggerty and Johnson, 1995 p.212 and 216) and partly because women are predominant child carers and are solely responsible for home activities (Anker, 1997, p.317). Moreover, women obtain lower level of work experience than their male counterparts due to temporary or permanent exit from the labour market to look after their youngsters and households (Kirton and Greene, 2005, p.55). Neo-classical theories indicate that house duties make women often to opt for a part-time work, a full-time job that does not require much effort and energy (Blackburn et al., 2002, p.517). Therefore, female workers are often regarded by employers as less committed and less professional (Epstein et al., 1999 in Hardill and Watson, 2000, pp.21-22). In accordance with Polacheks theory, women usually select occupations that do not carry severe penalties for short-term breaks that women take to care for their children and homes (England, 1982, p.363). Furthermore, the employers often link female employees with higher indirect costs, which the most known is maternity leave. It is said that women are more likely to be late or absent at work than men, possibly due to home responsibilities (Kirton and Greene, 2005, p.57). The women are often associated with high level of turnover as they often quit their jobs after childbirth or in some cases after getting married (Anker, 1997, p.317).Thus, according to Becker (1971 in Anker, 1997, p.320), employers are rational when they abstain to employ women in order to avoid higher indirect costs. Despite of neo-classical theories contribution to explaining occupational sex segregation, there are some issues when these theories are the only one considered. Evidences have indicated that womens participation in employment has risen in Britain since 70s (Kirton and Greene, 2005, p.60). Labour market statistics (November 2010, p.3) indicates that recent women employment rate stands at 65.7% compare with just 56 % in 1971(Office for National Statistics 2009).An introduction of house appliances such as washing machines, cookers and microwaves has decreased significantly the time required to perform certain house activities in recent decades (Bowden and Offer, 1994, p.728). Moreover, recently more women are force to work to sustain themselves and their children due to a higher proportion of single parent households (Buvini, 1995 in Kirton and Greene, 2005, p.60). Census (2001) statistics have indicated that 90.5 %of households in England and Wales are headed by single women. These ch anges indicate that women have increased their work experience and in this way they have enhanced their human capital (Kirton and Greene, 2005, p.60). Considering the human capital theory these changes should enable women to enter occupations. However, women still face barriers to enter those occupations (Anker, 1997, p.320), and the reason for that is not explained by the economic theories. In accordance with economic theories, lower level of income achieved by women is fair as their level of human capital is much lower than that of the male workers. However, pay inequality between men and women is much higher than would be anticipated based on human capital reasoning (Treiman and Hartmann, 1981; World Bank, 1994 in Blackburn et al., 2002, p.517). Furthermore, womens pay inequality is not only bounded to women with children. There are many professions which also badly reward single women. Although rational choice theory explains that there is a belief that all women will have children, recent researches have highlighted that more and more women are fully dedicated to their careers and decide to have no children on their own (Browne 2000; Franks 1999 in Blackburn et al., 2002, p.519). When looking at indirect costs, they are perceived to be higher for female employees than their male counterparts; however, the evidence has shown that the rate of absenteeism and turnover is very similar for both genders (Anker, 1997, p.319). The argument of human capital theory that women traditionally choose professions that are not costly when suspended for a short-time (Watts and Rich, 1993, p.60) is disapproved by England (1982). The evidence England has put forward indicates that professions with a high rate of women do not necessary carry lower penalties for short-term breaks from work than professions with lower rate of women (England, 1982, p.365). The neo-classical theories arguments applied alone offers just limited explanation for occupational sex segregation. Kirton and Greene (2005, p.62) have put forward questions that the economic theories do not explain; why do certain social groups on average come to the labour market with lower levels of education and in what are seen as less relevant subjects? Why is housework and childcare and elder care almost always the sole responsibility of women? The gender theory concept of patriarchy should fill the gaps that exist in economic theories discussed earlier. According to Hartmann (1976, p.152-3), occupational gender segregation is a result of the phenomenon of patriarchy. This concept is concerned with a social situation where women are in subordinate position and are dominated, exploited, and undermined by powerful men (Bender L., 1988, pp.5-6); thus it seems to be intended as an explanation of vertical segregation (Blackburn et al., 2002, p.521). Women around the world are generally perceived to be housewives, and men to be main breadwinners in households. This might explain why women are solely accountable for most of the house activities and childcare (Anker, 1997, p. 324). Due to patriarchal system, women joining labour market are affected by their free house work; their incomes are perceived as extra money added to a primary incomes of their husbands. This in turn stimulates the gender pay gap that exists in the United Ki ngdom (Kirton and Greene, 2005, p.64). The fact that women occupy subordinate positions and perform house duties solely might explain why women enter the labour market with lower levels of education and are more likely to obtain qualifications that are less relevant to the labour market as it is believed that women have a lower desire for qualifications that are appropriate to labour market (Anker, 1997, p.324). Although the patriarchy theory is indented to comprehend the concept of occupational sex segregation, many scholars have highlighted some limitations when considered separately. Walbys claim that men have usually been successful in excluding women from the better work (1986,p.248) is disputed by evidences seen in the British society where many women work in better professions, and have better working and living conditions than many of their male counterparts (Blackburn et al.2002, p.521) The patriarchy theory reasoning is also looking bad when we take into consideration recent developments in the labour market, where shrinking of the male trades (such as mining, steel and docking) and the expansion of the service sector has favoured women more than men. The evidences have shown that in some parts of UK women account for most then 50% of the entire workforce (Browne, 2000 in Blackburn et al., 2002, p.521). The preference theory is a connection between gender theory of patriarchy and Goldbergs (1973, 1979, and 1993) biological theories. Hakim (1996 in Crompton and Harris, 998b, p.144) argues that men are more ruthless and ambitious than women due to higher testosterone levels in their organism. She presents the evidence which indicates that male labour market dominance is strongly supported by both genders. Furthermore, Hakim believes that women are not the same and they differ in relation to their family and work commitments (Blackburn et al., 2002, p.523).Their choices between job and home are not limited by any significant restrictions (Hakim in McRae, 2003, p.318) but are based purely on their preferences. Hakim (2002, p.434) assigns women to three groups. The first group involves the work-centred females who are highly committed to their jobs. The second group are the home-centred women. Women belonging to this group are devoted to their families and prefer to stay at home (Blackbu rn, 2001, p.523). The third group includes the adaptive women who juggle job and home or women who have no idea where their careers are going (McRae, 2003, p. 318). Hakim (1996, p.211) suggests that male solidarity wins because women dither, because they are swayed by the dominant male voice and also because women are divided in their preferences and interests. Thus, the interplay between womens differences, an argument of patriarchy theory of male domination and womens diverse priorities explains the womens employment position in Britain (Crompton and Harris, 1998b, p.144). Hakim (2002, p.435-7) suggests that only small proportion of women are fully concentrated on their careers or families. Large majority of females integrate family and work without fully committing to either (Hakim, 2002, p.434). This view is supported by evidences that have shown that only 10% of first-time mothers remain in full-time work where 90% of mothers mix periods of full-time and part-time work or leave the labour market permanently (McRae, 2003, p.322-3) However, preference theory also has some deficiencies. Blackburn et al. (2002, p.525) disagree with an argument that womens choices are not limited by any constraints. They point out that concerns such as possible income and childcare costs have a great impact on women choices that might be far from their preferred choice. McRae (2003, p.333) suggests that the evidences introduced in her paper shows that women are not as diverse as suggested by Hakim in their choices in regards to their work and family lifestyle but they are different in their capacities to act on those preferences. These evidences are clashing with an assumption of preference theory about female heterogeneity. This concluding part of the essay offer some general conclusions about the applicability of the theories analysed in this paper for the reason behind the occupational gender segregation in Britain presented by statistical data. Discussed in the paper theories of neo-classical, patriarchy and preference have been very useful to understanding why women experience disadvantage in the labour market. They have offered different and sometimes contrasting arguments. Thus, the main argument of human capital theory is that women are disadvantaged due to their lower level of education and work experience which is a product of inequality in a schooling system and sole responsibilities for home and children. Contrary to human capital theory, preference theory has argued that women choose to be committed or uncommitted to their work careers and there are no major constrains to prohibit women from joining the labour market. On the other hand the concept of patriarchy has highlighted that male domi nation over women in societies is the main reason behind occupational gender segregation. Despite their great value to comprehend the cause of occupational segregation by sex, all of these theories are flawed to same degree and neither should be considered separately. To fully understand the reason for women disadvantage in the employment relationship, there is a need to bring neo-classical, patriarchy and preference theories together.

Revenge Essay -- Literary Analysis, The Iliad

Throughout history, revenge, or vengeance, has been altered by several cultures and even the American culture. This is shown throughout many ancient greek epics. Throughout these two epics, what is just revenge and what the action of revenge is are much different than what Revenge is seen through today’s society. Revenge is the main theme in The Iliad, with Achilles’ revenge on Agamemnon and Hector, and in The Odyssey, with Poseidon’s revenge on Odysseus and Odysseus’s revenge on the Suitors, and these epics define how revenge was seen in the ancient Greek world. Revenge in The Iliad it the main theme and drives men to do things that they would not normally do. The main example of this is Achilles wanting revenge on Agamemnon. The first book of the Iliad explains that Achilles wants revenge because Agamemnon is forced to return Chryseis, his war bride, to her father, and he decides to take Achilles war bride from him. According to â€Å"Some Thoughts about the Origins of ‘Greek Ethics’†, by Nicholas D. Smith, â€Å"Agamemnon’s unjust affront to Achilles leads to and extraordinarily deadly retaliation, the ultimate outcome of which is that multitudes of these men’s innocent allies are killed unnecessarily†(smith 10). This is out of character for Achilles, who would normally be the first man into battle, not sitting one out. By â€Å"rejecting even the most earnest and impressive entreaties Agamemnon offers, and increasingly making decisions which are rationally indefensible†, he shows how much hi s wanting of revenge has turned him into a madman (smith 10). His only desire is to get revenge for his loss. It takes the death of Patroclus, his dear friend, to bring him back to the war, which he has left. The death of Patroclus not only forces Achi... ...rses the murder of Agamemnon. As Dilworth states in â€Å"The fall of Troy and the Slaughter of the Suitors: The Ultimate Symbolic Correspondence in the Odyssey†; The slaughter of the suitors reverses and sets right the murder of Agamemnon. As the story is recalled in the Odyssey, Aegisthus used twenty men to ambush and kill Agamemnon. From Ithaca the chief suitor, Antinous, Sent twenty men to ambush and kill Telemachus. He would have suffered the fate of Agamemnon. So might Odysseus, for whom the story of Agamemnon is a warning. Instead the suitors die at a banquet, in corrective balance to the murder of Agamemnon at a banquet. (Dilworth) This shows that Odysseus’s revenge of the suitors is not only sets right what Odysseus knows it sets right, but it also sets right what has not been set right by anyone else, it balances the revenge throughout all of the Odyssey.